Year C - First Sunday in Lent


Temptation of Christ
Peter Koenig, 20th century

My dear friends,

In Luke 4:1-13 we read how Jesus, filled with the power of the Holy Spirit following his baptism in the Jordan River by John the Baptist, retreats to the Judaean desert to wrestle with the all too human temptation to use this power to satisfy one's own selfish desires, personified as the devil (Greek diabolos, "the accuser"):

Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit,
returned from the Jordan
and was led by the Spirit in the wilderness,
where for forty days he was tempted by the devil.
He ate nothing at all during those days,
and when they were over, he was famished.
The devil said to him, "If you are the Son of God,
command this stone to become a loaf of bread."
Jesus answered him,
"It is written, 'One does not live by bread alone.'"
- Luke 4:1-4

Life, at times, leads us into the wilderness of uncertainty and difficulties, testing our resolve, our faith, and our compassion. Just as Jesus fasted for forty days, we too face periods of deprivation and discomfort, where we are tested to the limits of our human capacities.

The devil's temptation for Jesus to transform the stone into bread symbolizes the allure of material needs and physical desires. Jesus rebukes him in the words of the Hebrew scriptures:

He humbled you by letting you hunger, then by feeding you with manna,
with which neither you nor your ancestors were acquainted,
in order to make you understand that one does not live by bread alone,
but by every word that comes from the mouth of the Lord.
- Deuteronomy 8:3

This reminds us that the pursuit of spiritual growth is of utmost importance. Life is more than just satisfying our immediate desires, it involves seeking deeper understanding, compassion, and connection with others.

The devil then presents Jesus with a vision of the world's kingdoms, promising him power and glory. This is a symbol of the seduction of worldly power, prestige, and possessions, which can lead us astray from our true path:

Then the devil led him up and showed him in an instant all the kingdoms of the world.
And the devil said to him, "To you I will give their glory and all this authority; for it has been given over to me, and I give it to anyone I please.
If you, then, will worship me, it will all be yours."
Jesus answered him, "It is written, 'Worship the Lord your God, and serve only him.'"

The devil's offer comes with a condition – to worship him, symbolizing the compromises often required by the pursuit of worldly power. Again Jesus refuses in the words of Hebrew scripture:

The Lord your God you shall fear; him you shall serve,... him alone you shall worship....
- Deuteronomy 6:13, 10:20

This teaches us to remain steadfast in our values and convictions. We are reminded to stay devoted to the path of righteousness, humility, and service to others, rather than be swayed by temporal power and glory.

Then the devil took him to Jerusalem, and placed him on the pinnacle of the temple, saying to him, "If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down from here,
for it is written, 'He will command his angels concerning you, to protect you,'
and 'On their hands they will bear you up, so that you will not dash your foot against a stone.'"
Jesus answered him, "It is said, 'Do not put the Lord your God to the test.'"

In the third temptation, the devil challenges Jesus to prove his divine protection by throwing himself off the temple. Here, we see a test of ego, a temptation to misuse spiritual power for personal validation. The devil even twists the scripture, suggesting that divine protection is guaranteed, whereas in fact the Psalm says that it is conditional:

Because you have made the Lord your refuge, the Most High your dwelling-place,
no evil shall befall you, no scourge come near your tent.
For he will command his angels concerning you to guard you in all your ways.
On their hands they will bear you up, so that you will not dash your foot against a stone.
- Psalm 91:9-12

Yet, Jesus refuses to be baited and responds again with Scriptural wisdom:

Do not put the LORD your God to the test, as you tested him at Massah.
- Deuteronomy 6:16 (Exodus 17:2-7)

We learn from this that our spiritual path is not for showing off or proving our worth, but a humble journey of self-improvement, compassion, and service.

When the devil had finished every test, he departed from him until an opportune time.

After these trials, the devil departs from Jesus, but only for a time. This resonates with our own experiences. Temptations and challenges do not disappear forever; they return at different points in our lives.
But as Jesus has shown us, with inner strength, faith, and wisdom, we can resist these trials and continue on our spiritual path. Remember, challenges and temptations are not signs of failure, but opportunities for growth, reinforcing our faith, deepening our compassion, and increasing our understanding. Let us follow Jesus’ example and face our own wilderness with courage and faith.

Thoughts on the Use of Scripture

This encounter between Jesus and Satan illustrates the importance of scripture as a tool for spiritual development and a guide through the trials and tribulations of life.

Scripture, in various religious traditions, serves as a repository of spiritual wisdom that has been passed down through generations. It offers guiding principles and moral compasses that can help us navigate life's complexities. In Jesus's responses to Satan's temptations, he cites scripture as a testament to these timeless spiritual truths. His answers, grounded in spiritual wisdom rather than personal opinion, demonstrate the power of scripture to affirm and guide our moral and ethical decisions.

However, the power of scripture isn't simply in reading or quoting it, but in understanding, internalizing, and living it. Jesus was able to resist the temptations because he had deeply internalized the scriptural truths and allowed them to guide his actions. He didn't merely use scripture as a shield, but as a guiding light illuminating the path before him.

Thus, in our own spiritual development, scripture should not be seen as a static text but as a living guide. We are encouraged to engage with it, contemplate it, and apply its wisdom in our daily lives. But like any tool, its effectiveness depends on our skill and wisdom in using it. We must strive to move beyond a literal or superficial understanding, explore its deeper meanings, and apply those insights in our interactions with the world.

Furthermore, this passage illustrates that knowledge of scripture can provide strength and resilience during challenging times. It serves as a reminder that we are not alone in our struggles, offering comfort, guidance, and encouragement. It also connects us to a community of fellow seekers, fostering a sense of belonging and shared experience.

In essence, scripture can play a crucial role in our spiritual development, provided we approach it with a contemplative, open heart, striving to apply its teachings to our lives. It is in the living of these teachings that we move closer to spiritual enlightenment, embodying the compassion, wisdom, and love that lie at the heart of these sacred texts.

Understanding Scripture in Context

A deep understanding of scripture requires more than merely reading the text; it calls for a thoughtful consideration of the historical, cultural, and social contexts in which it was written. Just as a plant cannot be fully understood without the context of its environment, a scripture cannot be fully appreciated without the context of its origin.

The historical context of a scripture can give insight into why certain messages or teachings were emphasized. Many religious texts were written in response to specific events, societal conditions, or prevalent beliefs at the time. Ignoring this can lead to misunderstandings or oversimplifications of the text's meanings.

For instance, if we examine the scriptures of Christianity, many passages must be understood in the context of a society under Roman rule, marked by specific power dynamics and societal norms. Without this understanding, one might misinterpret teachings about authority, submission, or societal roles.

Moreover, religious scriptures often use metaphors, allegories, or symbolic language that reflect the culture and knowledge of their time. Interpreting these passages literally, without an understanding of the historical and cultural symbolism, can lead to significant misinterpretations. For example, the number forty in biblical context often symbolizes a period of testing or judgment, rather than a literal count of days.

Considering the historical context can also help us understand apparent contradictions within or between religious texts. Different parts of a scripture may have been written in different historical periods, in response to different circumstances. Recognizing this can lead to a more nuanced understanding of the text's teachings.

However, while historical context is vital, it is also important not to limit our understanding of scripture to its original context. Sacred texts have endured because they contain universal truths and wisdom that transcend time and culture. Our task, therefore, is to balance a deep understanding of the historical context with an appreciation for the timeless spiritual insights that these texts offer.

So, as we study and interpret scripture, let us seek to understand the conditions that gave birth to these sacred texts, while also striving to apply their teachings to our own lives and contexts. In doing so, we honor both the particularity and the universality of these spiritual treasures.